Assessment For Learning Essay

Although Hamlet and Agamemnon both follow Aristotle’s definition of tragedy, I believe Hamlet is a more tragic play. Many more innocent lives were taken in Hamlet than Agamemnon. Hamlet, Gertrude, Ophelia, Polonius and Laertes were all killed due to Claudius’ deceptive and cheating ways. In Agamemnon, Cassandra and Iphigenia were the only innocent lives taken, both caused by Agamemnon’s lack of morals. The sheer number of deaths in Hamlet that were caused by unjust means and intentions brings a great amount of unrest to the audience. It holds even greater unrest for the audience when compared to Agamemnon. The level of understanding I had with all the characters was far greater in Hamlet than in Agamemnon. Hamlet, the tragic hero in his play, was the main character. The audience was able to connect and sympathize with him through his struggles with avenging his father and his many soliloquies. Touching on the topic of Hamlet’s desire for suicide in his soliloquies gives the impression that he is trapped in his life. Even though he may be miserable in the world he lives in, suicide is forbidden by his religion, and thus he is trapped to stay in a world he hates. Agamemnon does not appear in his play until at least half way through. This makes it difficult to justify Agamemnon, the tragic hero in his play, as the main character. His wife, Clytemnestra is the main character since her story is followed from the beginning to the end of the play. Making a connection with the tragic hero in Agamemnon is much more difficult since the audience does not have a chance to connect with him, ultimately making his death less tragic and compelling to the audience. An element of Aristotle’s definition of tragedy is involving a tragic hero of higher standing. Both of these plays follow that element. Hamlet is the prince of Denmark. Agamemnon is the king of Argos, Greece. Both of these men make and error in judgement that eventually leads to suffering and their final downfall. Hamlet accidently kills Polonius, believing him to be Claudius. This sets a chain of events in action that leads to the death of not only himself, but many people around him. Agamemnon makes the mistake of trusting his wife upon his return. He walks on the purple silk into his palace, where Clytemnestra kills him. This event feels less tragic since the audience almost believes Agamemnon deserves death for sacrificing his own daughter and taking Cassandra as a concubine.

Redi: Scientific Method and Heather Ramirez Page

1. State a possible hypothesis for Redi’s experiment. -Hypothesis for Redi’s experiment is that maggots come from larva of flies and that the meats only serve as food for the developing insects. 2. Which of the three jars in Redi’s experiment would be considered the control and why? -The jar that was left uncovered in the experiment would be considered the control because this jar represented the meat as it would normally be found with the maggots attached. 3. Give a brief explanation of Redi’s experimental procedure. Redi preformed an experiment to prove where maggots came from. He took three jars and put a piece of meat in each jar. Jar 1 was left uncovered, jar 2 was covered with netting (gauze), and jar 3 was sealed from the outside. In jar 1, maggots were found on the meat and there were flies flying around that had laid eggs on the meat. Jar 2 was found to have maggots on the netting of the jar, because the flies had begun to lay their eggs. Jar 3 ha d not developed any maggots on the meat, which proved that living things are not spontaneously generated. Heather Ramirez Page 2 4. Why would the experiments run by Redi, Spallanzani, and Pasteur be considered as a possible basis for a theory? -Redi, Spallanzani, and Pasteur all used similar experiments to prove that living things are not spontaneously generated and through their experiments they were able to support their hypothesis with scientific reasoning. The experiments preformed were considered valid because of the reproducible outcome in each study. 5-6. What were the possible conclusions reached from Spallanzani’s experiment? Why were his conclusions not accepted? -After boiling the broths no bacteria was present. Although his experiment was successful, his conclusions were not accepted because he had deprived the sealed flasks of air by melting their glass necks and it was thought that air was necessary for spontaneous generation to occur. The experiment was also contradicting because, if the flasks neck became cracked the broth would then obtain a rapid growth of microorganisms. 7. Why would Aristotle’s thoughts on spontaneous generation be considered nonscientific reasoning? -Aristotle believed that living things arose and always had arisen from lifeless matter. This would be considered nonscientific reasoning because these were just his thoughts and beliefs, not something that was scientifically tested. For something to be classified as scientific reasoning it would require an actual scientific research method, such as an Heather Ramirez Page 3 xperiment to first predict and then test the hypothesis to ultimately come to a conclusion based on the results from the experiment. 8. How did Pasteur modify Spallanzani’s experiment in order to provide further experimentation on spontaneous generation? -Pasteur used swan-necked flasks which allowed air into the flasks but the route was so convoluted that any particles drifting in from the air would settle out in the folds of the glass before reaching the broth. His flasks were open to the air but did no t support bacterial growth like Spallanzani’s flasks did. This method had rejected the possibility of spontaneous generation because the broth in the swan-necked flasks remained clear which concluded the previous tests done by Spallazani and Needham were not accurate. The normal flasks allowed bacteria to drift into the broth causing cloudy bacterial soups and had thickened the rich nutrients due to the bacteria multiplying. 9-10. In Order for experimental results to be accepted, the results must be reproducible. Why did Tyndall have problems reproducing Pasteur’s work and how did he solve the problem? Pasteur and others scientist were using different types of broths. (Pasteur only used broths made with sugar or yeast extract, and the other scientist were using broths made from hay) As a result, Tyndall found that these different types of broths required different boiling times to be sterilized. He found that certain microorganisms can exist in heat- Heather Ramirez Page 4 resistant forms, which are called endospores. Once this confl icting data was brought to light Tyndall was able to reproduce Pasteur’s experiment and prove him to be correct.

Different in B2B vs B2C Advertising Essay

With the ever improving age of technology I think business has made tremendous strides to get on board. Because of the internet,business all over the world has had to make a change in the way they do business in order to keep their present customers and draw in new ones. The economy today is out of control with the cost of everything being extremely high especially gas and diesel fuel but because of technology business are able to reach more customers to try to get their business. The supply chains of B2C to B2B and uniquely differently. A supply chain occurs when a product or service is initiated and proceeds thru all the steps to the final objection. For example when a student inquires with the University of Phoenix from a link they clicked on the internet, the supply chain starts by the automation process that is in place, taking the student to the process in which they are connected to the pre-screening representative then to the enrollment representative who in turn takes the student thru the steps of the application process in order to enroll the student. The process of this supply chain is repetitive once the student makes the initial contact to start it. The difference between the B2C and B2B are in a since similar but different. I would say the primary difference being the avenues a product has to take before reaching the intended destination. B2Chave less avenues to travel versus that of B2B or example, the purchase of a computer through the Dell website, the avenues for the consumer are that of the website to choose the one that best fits their needs as they are dealing directly with the company to purchase the product. On the B2B side it would be the supplier Dell selling their products to the local dealers such as Best Buy, Fry Electronics, or Wal-Mart, the consumer will be getting the product from the second source and not dealing directly which makes the cost of the product more expensive. So with B2C if the transaction went smoothly and error free the customer will probably tell someone about the experience and more than likely be a repeat customer. Conclusion With this being said it is obvious that the supply chains of both have evolved and have advanced to another level because of technology but yet still is challenging and still different in many aspects. Either is still successful and has generated growth in the economy because of the growing improvements with technology.

The Broken Windows Theory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Broken Windows Theory - Assignment Example Not only are there police who have a regular beat in a community but they also have a rented space by which community members may come in to meet with the police and address their concerns about any criminal acts going on in their neighborhood. 3. The theory is still significant to community-oriented policing in that wherever police have a presence, this will most likely deter crime from happening (Van Zile 2011). It does not mean that more arrests will be made but that offenders will be cautioned first for minor offenses and if those offenses still take place, then offenders will be arrested. After all, they had been initially warned and this is an example of letting offenders know that police know who they are and that they are being watched (Shelden 2003). 4. In Sir Robert Peel’s Principles of Law Enforcement (1829), the first principle is a very strong argument for the â€Å"Broken Windows† theory in that the role and mission of the police is to prevent crime and disorder within a neighborhood as opposed to the military version which represses crime and disorder through force and severe legal punishment (Hunter & Barker 2011). The mere presence of the police may deter crime from happening in the first place. Police presence is a deterrent to crime (Shelden 2003). 5. The most important law enforcement policies derived from the â€Å"Broken Windows† theory is that crime can be deterred through a police presence, although, in reality, this relates more to petty crimes such as graffiti on building walls, window breaking, and other less violent or serious crimes (Shelden 2003). It does not address murders and other violent crimes because it is a different set of circumstances. However, if the police have a good relationship in the community where one of these more violent crimes does occur, the police are more apt to gather information from the neighborhood as to who might have seen what at any

Why did the Oligarchs exercise so much influence in Russian political Essay

Why did the Oligarchs exercise so much influence in Russian political and economic life in the period 1993 -99 - Essay Example They did not move quickly enough, however, and in the autumn of that year Yeltsin simply dissolved the old former soviet political apparatus and declared that a new Duma (Parliament) would be elected. The Duma election was scheduled for 1995 and Yeltsin himself ran for re-election as president in 1996. These events characterized a period of immense political and economic instability and this was the environment in which a new breed of key players was born: the so-called â€Å"Russian Oligarchs†. The term â€Å"oligarch† is derived from the Greek meaning â€Å"governing by the few† and it usually has negative connotations relating to the abuse of power. There are at least four important factors which contributed to the emergence of the oligarchs and their growing influence in both politics and economic life in the period 1993-1999. This study will look at each of these in turn: By the autumn of 1993, it was clear to all observers that the old Soviet systems had fallen away and there was no immediate substitute in place. Yeltsin relied upon his personal authority and the support of the military to wrest control out of a disintegrating situation. The scene was set for a new era. Waller (2005: 13) analyses this decade under the heading â€Å"The Yeltsin years 1991-1999: reaping the whirlwind† and this is a good description of the mood in Russia across all sections of society. Old systems and habits had simply been swept away and no one could tell what would happen next. Other commentators stress the risks inherent in the new situation: â€Å"Russia and the other post-communist societies had to feel their way forwards on the edge of a precipice in the dark.† (Sakwa, 2008: 303). The majority of the population seems to have suffered a certain amount of shock and paralysis. The old communist regime had produced many inefficient

Cheating in Educational Institutes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Cheating in Educational Institutes - Essay Example This report stresses that academic cheating is not a new phenomenon; it has been present since the evolution of different examination tools used in the academic arena. Davis reports that students, who believed that they would fail in a particular class or test that was being scored, resorted to cheat in order to avoid failure. This paper makes a conclusion that cheating in previous years mainly included copying someone else’s homework and presenting it as one’s own work or cheating used to take place during examination sessions while students used to carry small pieces of paper with them to copy from it during examination. Previously, cheating even constituted of asking answers from fellow students during examination sessions while ensuring that the invigilators and teachers were not aware of the event taking place. According to Staples, cheating gas becomes quite subtle and that is mainly due to information that is available over the internet. Staples state that now students tend to copy information directly from the internet and simply present them to their instructors as their own work and this form of cheating is mostly conducted by students who have just enrolled in college level of education and are not aware that this activity is even regarded as cheating under student code of conduct of almost every educational institute. Cheating is an outcome of relaxed rules as well as corrupt teaching faculty and their aim of advancing their own self interest over the interest of others. A student cannot escape after conducting the act of cheating until he/she has assistance from those who are provided with the authority of ensuring that such activities do not occur. Educational standards in developing areas are quite low, the teaching

Logistic service quality within the perishable goods Essay

Logistic service quality within the perishable goods - Essay Example Communicating the importance of logistical activities to other functional activities, as well as to corporate officers, has been a difficult task. Professor Donald Bowersox, speaking at the council of logistics management annual conference in Toronto in 1999, described establishing the link between functional logistics performance and overall firm performance as our discipline's equivalent to finding a cure for cancer. Definitive empirical results that link improvements in logistics performance to overall firm performance have been difficult to achieve. Some progress, however, has been made. Recently, Daugherty, Stank, and Ellinger (1998) conducted an in-depth assessment of the relationships among logistics service performance and customer satisfaction, loyalty and market share in an industrial setting. Their findings indicated that high levels of logistics service are directly related to market share through satisfaction and loyalty. Quality within a service orientated company such as a 3PL provider is becoming more and more important because by providing a higher service level , these companies can distinguish themselves from their competition. This is definitely the case for a public refrigerated warehouse (PRW) /3PL provider such as Daalimpex Cold stores B.V. I'm, as person responsible for all operational activities provided by Daalimpex, are therefore very interested what

Explain statistical power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Explain statistical power - Essay Example According to Ellis (71), statisticians conduct power analysis prior to experiments in order to anticipate the possibility of a study outlaying accurate results. The objective is estimating the effects of the larger sample size in relation to its significance on the study. The less the power, the higher the chances of the occurrence type II error and vice verse. The two possibilities results from the likeness of an error in data collection (Ellis 60). Consequently, statistical power is the retention of null with accuracy, hence the reason, researchers strive to attain more statistical power when conducting studies. The components that determine statistical powers in a research are the sample size, the effect size, the alpha level and the power. Sample size refers to the units available for the study. Alpha levels are the chances of possibilities. Power is the odd that will result from the treatment of the sample (Rubin 148). Lastly, effect size balances the strength of a research by eliminating errors in power analyses. Indeed, an analysis of the components prior to the collection of data is essential to facilitating accuracy in power

Strategic management accounting and finance Essay

Strategic management accounting and finance - Essay Example That information, in turn, can then become the knowledge that leads to wisdom. The idea is that information, knowledge, and wisdom are more than simply collections. Rather, the whole represents more than the sum of its parts and has a synergy of its own. In an organizational context, data represents facts or values of results, and relations between data and other relations have the capacity to represent information. Patterns of relations of data and information and other patterns have the capacity to represent knowledge. For the representation to be of any utility it must be understood, and when understood the representation is information or knowledge to the one that understands. The value of Knowledge Management relates directly to the effectiveness with which the managed knowledge enables the members of the organization to deal with today's situations and effectively envision and create their future. Without on-demand access to managed knowledge, every situation is addressed based on what the individual or group brings to the situation with them. With on-demand access to managed knowledge, every situation is addressed with the sum total of everything anyone in the organization has ever learned about a situation of a similar natur e. Today's business environment is characterized by continuous, often radical change. Such a volatile climate demands a new attitude and approach within organizations-actions must be anticipatory, adaptive, and based on a faster cycle of knowledge creation. Movement from a manufacture to a knowledge context Most of today's companies are built around organizational structures ranging from bureaucracy to adhocracy (Brezillon). According to Weber, Henderson, and Parsons, the attributes of a modern bureaucracy include impersonality and the implementation of a system of authority that is practically indestructible. Toffler sees it as a network of roles fulfilled by individuals. Bureaucratic organizations usually deal with routine operations. At the other end of the spectrum, an adhocracy represents any form of organization capturing opportunities, solving problems, and getting results. One crucial difference between both structures is the way information and knowledge flow inside the structure. In the bureaucracy, they flow bottom-up along a hierarchical path, before coming down again along a different hierarchy. In the adhocracy, hierarchical ties are relaxed and information and knowledge mostly flow through lateral relations (Brezillon). Some of the current challenges businesses face includes: - A growing emphasis on creating customer value and improving customer service; - An increasingly competitive marketplace with a rising rate of innovation; - Reduced cycle times and shortened product development times; - A need for organizational adaptation because of changing business rules and assumptions; - A requirement to operate with a shrinking number of assets (people, inventory, and facilities); - A reduction in the amount of time employees are given to acquire new knowledge; and - Changes in strategic directions and workforce mobility that lead to knowledge loss. All of these factors make knowledge management a necessity rather than a luxury. Organizations must have a clear handle on how knowledge is discovered, created, dispersed, and put to use. In some ways, knowledge managem

Discuss the rationale behind letters of credit with emphasis on the Essay

Discuss the rationale behind letters of credit with emphasis on the fundamental principles underlying these instruments. Critica - Essay Example Credit letters are used in cross border business transactions to make sure that payment will be received. The adoption of letters of credit has become extremely essential in cross border trade due to the nature of international dealings such as varying laws and difficulty in knowing each trade party personally. Additionally, the bank acts on buyer’s behalf by making sure that a seller will not receive payment pending the bank’s verification that goods have been dispatched. The parties to a letter of credit comprise of three or more persons. These are; the account party (importer/ applicant/ buyer), the issuing bank (the applicant bank) and the beneficiary (exporter/seller) (Gilles & Moens, 1998, p 395; DiMatteo, 2009, p 100). There exist contractual associations while using letters of credit in global business among the most essential parties, that is the issuing bank (one making payment of the applicant’s behalf), to the beneficiary, and the paying bank (in situ ations where there is a correspondent), the advising bank, as well as the confirming bank. Ideally, they are same bank but given different terms. As such, several contractual relationships are distinguishable. One is the contract between the applicant and the beneficiary. Two is the relationship between the applicant and the issuing bank. ... This is usually a letter drafted and signed by bank acting on the applicant’s behalf, addressed to the beneficiary. The applicant bank will agree to drafts under credit simply if the beneficially adheres to conditions set forth in the credit letter. The beneficiary is also requested to hand in certain deeds like commercial invoices and insurance papers in addition to the draft and other documents that may be specifically needed. The issuing banks acts on behalf of the buyer (applicant) in paying the beneficiary provided that all terms stipulated in the letter are adhered to (Ramlogan & Persadie, 2004, p 14). Source: Michigan law review, p 406 Documentary credit letters can be classified into: Transferable or non-transferable A beneficiary in the credit letter often maintains on an express term in the contract clarifying that the credit is â€Å"transferable†. The main upshot of a transferable letter of credit is that the seller (beneficiary) may request the designated b ank to transfer credit to the beneficiary’s supplier. However, the designated bank is under no legal obligation to transfer credit. The UCP affirms that a credit letter is transferable only if the contacts states so, the absence of which the beneficiary cannot insist that the designated bank to transfer credit (Moens & Jones, 2008, p 39). Revocable and irrevocable A revocable letter can be rescinded by the bank responsible for issuing at any time without preceding notice to the seller. The contract has to specifically state that a credit letter is revocable; otherwise it will be considered unalterable. A beneficiary seller in cross border transaction needs payment security, apparently not prepared to accept revocable letter of credit, since this would result

Ec2 Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ec2 - Movie Review Example Rosenstein balances views by using short video clips of interviews with different stakeholders to portray the divisive issue of using Native American identities and symbols in sports teams, though it is clear that the director favors the complete removal of such sports practices because they undermine the integrity of Native American identity and history. Rosenstein strives to provide a balanced view of the â€Å"honor† involved in using Native American nicknames and characters as sports mascots. He uses interviews with different alumni, trustees, fans, and former Chief Illiniweks in the documentary. For instance, though the mainstay is Teters, Rosenstein also obtains the views of University of Illinois alumni and Board of Trustees because they also have a stake on the issue. Ken Boyle, University of Illinois Trustee, stresses in the documentary that he does not consider Chief Illiniwek as a â€Å"mascot,† but as part of the â€Å"tradition and heritage† of the university (In Whose Honor?). Rosenstein does not just focus on the voice of Teters and other Native Americans, but also includes as many voices needed to explore the complexity of the issue. Furthermore, Rosenstein explains why using Indian names and characters are wrong through Teters and other Native Americans’ point of views. Teters argues that universities should not use Native American mascots and nicknames because she sees a â€Å"mascot† as a symbol of control and ownership. Dennis Tibbetts, an American Indian counselor, agrees with Teters because to have a chief as a form of â€Å"entertainment† is a â€Å"mockery† because it is not a â€Å"caricature† (In Whose Honor?). A caricature means that the mascot is not real, but using a real person connects the mascot to the Native American identity. Hence, the film demonstrates that a Native American mascot dishonors Native Americans. Despite the balanced

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) Essay Example for Free

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) Essay HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) causes AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) that disables the immune system.  It was discovered in 1983 .HIV enters the body through the bloodstream and duplicates itself rapidly.  The victim is susceptible to infectious diseases that eventually are fatal (1). Statistically, HIV/AIDS is the number one killer of African-American women ages 25 to 34, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  Between 2000 and 2003, they were nineteen times more likely than White females and five times more likely than Hispanic females to contract the disease.   African-American men were seven times more likely than White men and three times the rate of Hispanic men to contract HIV/AIDS (2). In 2008, there is still not a cure for AIDS.  Instead, scientists have discovered drugs that can slow down the progression of the disease. Protease inhibitors (PIs) are antiviral drugs that slow down the spread of HIV (1). The virus produces a protein called protease so that it can replicate itself.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Protease cuts long chains of proteins and enzymes into shorter chains, the first step in the process by which HIV infects a cell† (1).  If this doesn’t happen, replication does not continue. In 1987, AZT was the first anti-HIV medication that was created.   It showed hope and kept people healthier longer.   However, the side effects were very high for men.   Since that time, more HIV medications have evolved.   Antiretroviral therapy usually consists of combinations of nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, or fusion inhibitors, which are prescribed in the later stages of HIV (19). Dual protease inhibitor therapy is also being used clinically (3).  They are also associated with improving morbidity and mortality of HIV-positive persons (5).  Although these drugs are expensive, they have proven to be the most successful therapy in managing HIV.   However, some patients don’t comply 100% with their treatments.   This is largely due to the side effects. Sometimes they make a patient feel worse than the actual disease. The most commonly reported ones are abdominal pain, abnormal bowel movements, diarrhea, fatigue, headache, and nausea.   Children usually develop a skin rash. The more serious side effects are liver problems and pancreatitis.   Some patients have also seen large increase in triglyceride ad cholesterol levels.   Diabetics saw an increase in their blood sugar levels.   Other patients developed diabetes while taking protease inhibitors (16). Presently, nine PIs have been approved for use in the United States and Europe:   amprenavir, atazanavir, fosamprenavir, lopinavir, indinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, tipranavir, and nelfinavir. Three non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are used for treatment of HIV:  nevirapine, delavirdine, and efavirenz (7). Drug treatment selection depends on factors such as drug resistance, tolerability, drug interactions, and effectiveness. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) â€Å"has been proposed so that practitioners may better maintain appropriate plasma concentrations of drugs in their patients by identifying interactions with other medications and assessing medication adherence   (7). Figure 1 shows the structures of these compounds. Fig. 1. Chemical structures of protease inhibitors and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. About 50% of â€Å"treatment-naà ¯ve patients† don’t have continued antiviral response after one year of therapy (18). In some cases, there is a development of drug resistance and metabolic complications.   Also, â€Å"there is increasing evidence that virological treatment failure is correlated with variations in the pharmacokinetic parameters of drugs (20).   This can be due to drug interactions, low bioavailability, and variations in metabolic enzyme activity.   Atazanavir (ATV) has good oral bioavailability and a favorable pharmacokinetics profile (18).   With this in mind, patients can mostly take a once-daily dose. A separate analytical method has been recently published for quantifying ATV in human plasma using solid phase extraction and HPLC with PDA (photodiode array) detection at 201 nm (18).   This method provides excellent separation of ATV from its internal standard, clozapine (CLZ) and the other PIs, thus, obtaining an accurate measurement of the drug (see figure 2). CLZ elutes at 8.9 minutes, and ATV elutes a 24.4 minutes. A 40-ml injection resulted in a recovery yield of 100%. Fig. 2.   Chromatogram of ATV with PIs/NNRTIs (8000 ng/ml) spiked with CLZ Nelfinavir mesylate has been shown in phase III controlled clinical trials to significantly reduce viral load and increase CD4+ cell counts when used with reverse transcriptase inhibitors. It’s prescribed as part of triple drug combination therapy (9). CD4+ are helper T cells.   They are important for immune reconstitution in patients that are receiving antiretroviral therapy (10).   After a large number of these cells are destroyed, AIDS develops (7). Six clinical trials was conducted in the past ten years using 2, 148 HIV-infected children enrolled in the Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group treatment trials (10).   Patient ages varied from 2 to 7 years of age.   The focus was to observe short-term variability of CD4 percentages.   The study found that 49% of patients had CD4 percentages above 25%.   32% of patients had CD4 counts between 15% and 24%; 19% were less than 15%.   Finally, 5.4% had a CD4% of less than 5% (10). In June 2006, Darunavir (DRV) was licensed in the United States.   It is a promising PI that is active against HIV strains that are resistant to the other PIs that currently on the market (17).   It is prescribed in 600-mg doses that are taken twice daily with 100 mg of ritonavir that acts as a booster. Protease inhibitors are associated with unfavorable pharmacokinetics and many side effects such as gastrointestinal disturbances and lipid abnormalities (5).  Four of the most common PIs used are indinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, and nelfinavir (3).  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Monitoring blood concentration of PIs, which can indicate both therapeutic and toxic levels of the drugs as well as patient noncompliance with the medication, may improve the care of both HIV-infected adults and children† (3). When ritonavir was first introduced, it was given in doses of 600 mg every 12 hours. â€Å"However, patient intolerance of full doses led to its primary use as a pharmacologic enhancer to increase the concentrations in plasma of a second protease inhibitor to improve the convenience of antiretroviral regimens by extending the dosing interval, reducing pill burden, and /or eliminating food-induced reductions in pharmacokinetic exposure† (8).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Researchers used High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to determine concentrations of PIs in blood.  Various methods have been used to study the pharmacokinetics and drug interactions. Interpreting plasma levels can be used to â€Å"individualize drug dosage of antiretrovirals (4). Quality control (QC) procedures must be done to ensure that these methods are accurate and precise.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Such procedures usually include intralaboratory (internal) method validation, intralaboratory QC procedures, and participation in an interlaboratory QC program for antiretroviral drugs† (4). Since the latter hadn’t been done before, it was established so that laboratories can obtain better measurement results of antiretroviral drugs. Nine laboratories participated in the first part of the program.  The first part of the experiment involved the measurement of the protease inhibitors:  indinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, and saquinavir.  All had a specified purity of 99% or higher.  QC samples were prepared by spiking blank plasma from HIV-negative volunteers with PI standard. The low concentrated standards ranged from 0.087 to 0.15 mg/L while the intermediate concentrated standards contained ranged from 2 to 3 mg/L of all four PIs.  Finally, the high-concentrated standards contained approximately 5 to 11 mg/L of drug.  All drugs were dissolved in methanol following accurate weighings and diluted with blank plasma (4). High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyze twelve samples.  All laboratories measuring more than one protease inhibitor used as assay for â€Å"simultaneous determination† (4).  Six laboratories used HPLC/UV and three labs used HPLC-MS/MS. Mass spectrometry detection is often recommended for measurement of low concentration levels.  Also, this type of analysis is usually faster and â€Å"does not require complete resolution of drugs for detection and quantification† (5).  Only five laboratories were able to measure all four PIs.  Three laboratories were not able to determine nelfinavir.  One laboratory only measured indinavir (4). Acceptable accuracy results are between 80% and 120%.  Only indinavir resulted in an acceptable accuracy of 80%.  The remaining PIs had between 36% and 74% accuracy.  These results should encourage laboratories to improve their analytical methods and QC procedures.  Other PIs, such as amprenavir and lopinavir, can be analyzed as well (4). HIV-positive plasma samples are heat inactivated before analysis, approximately 58 °C for 40 minutes, to decrease the risk of infection to the operator.  They may also go through a freeze/thaw cycle. As with the QC study, blank plasma was spiked with seven PIs (indinavir, amprenavir, atazanavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, lopinavir, and nelfnavir) at low, intermediate, and high concentrations measured in ng/ml.  Certain assays only require 100  µl of plasma for analysis.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"This is advantageous when measuring PI concentrations as part of clinical studies as they often necessitate hourly sampling to generate complete PK profiles; therefore less blood can be drawn from the patient† (5).  In addition, seven PIs can be quantified in one assay, but impossible to assay all seven in a single preparation. â€Å"The use of liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) has emerged as the developmental method of choice supporting clinical and pre-clinical pharmacokinetic studies† (13). Recovery for the HPLC-MS/MS methods was above 87% for all seven drugs at all three concentration levels (5).  It was successful in quantifying seven PI concentrations in plasma of HIV positive persons that participated in a run time of nine minutes.  Therefore, the assay may be used for determining PI concentrations in semen, lymphocytes, and cerebrospinal fluid (5). A fast and highly-sensitive LC-MS-MS method was developed that could analyze five protease inhibitors (amprenavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, and saquinavir) in one run using an internal standard.   Sample sizes were small (ng/ml) and run times were approximately 5 minutes.   Recoveries for all five PIs were between 87% and 92%(11). Tipranavir is part of a class of non-peptidic PIs that works against both â€Å"wild-type virus and variants resistant to current PIs†(6).  It also has a high genetic barrier.  Tipranavir is prescribed in a 500-mg dose taken in combination with 200 mg of ritonavir twice daily as part of antiretroviral therapy for patients with HIV-1 strains that are resistant to multiple PIs (6). Fig. 3. Tipranavir chemical structure   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An HPLC-UV method has been validated and is currently applied when monitoring tipranavir (TPV) plasma levels in HIV patients.  Samples were prepared for solid phase extraction (SPE) by conditioning the cartridges with 0.1% phosphoric acid, pH 7.  TPV stock solutions with a concentration of 5 mg/ml were diluted from with 50% methanol. Samples were spiked with TPV at 1.875, 7.5, 18.75, 37.5, 60, and 75  µg/ml in triplicate. QC samples were diluted with blank plasma and phosphate buffer to 5.625, 22.5, and 67.5  µg/ml.  Clozapine was used as the internal standard (6).  5-ml aliquots of blood samples were obtained from HIV infected patients.  The plasma obtained from centrifugation was heated at 60 ° C for one hour in a water bath. TPV in plasma was measured at a UV absorbance of 201 nm with a retention time of 32.2 minutes. Its internal standard, clozapine (CLZ) has a retention time of 8.3 minutes (6). Figure 4 below shows the chromatogram of TPV, its internal standard, and all other PIs and NNRTIs  present.   Figure 5 shows TPV and its internal standard CLZ only. Fig. 4. Chromatogram of plasma control sample of TVP (22.5 mg/ml) spiked with internal standard and all PIs and NNRTIs. Fig. 5. Chromatogram of calibration sample of TVP (37.5 mg/ml) spiked with internal standard CLZ. Isocratic HPLC methods combined with the use of UV and fluorescence detection produces more sensitivity. Amprenavir is a fluorescent compound.   Its internal standard PR25 can also be seen under fluorescence (see figure 6). Fig. 6.   Blank plasma with 100 ng/ml amprenavir and 1000 ng/ml of PR25 seen under fluorescence. In conclusion, much progress has been made in the development of protease inhibitors and other antiretroviral therapy. HPLC with UV detection has been the most commonly used method of analysis.   It is rapid, simple, and highly sensitive.   LC-MS-MS has been noted at the developmental method of choice for clinical and pre-clinical pharmacokinetic studies (13).   More compounds can be analyzed in less time.   Also, they can be used for methods using other human biological matrices. For the majority of protease inhibitors, all side effects are not known. In 2007, darunavir was the new HIV protease inhibitor with eleven other antiretroviral agents on the market.   They can affect patients that have diabetes, liver problems, and hemophilia; their conditions can worsen as a result of taking PIs. Only a patient’s health care provider can determine the best treatment option REFERENCES Nagel, Rob. 2007. Protease Inhibitors. UXL Encyclopedia of Science; [cited 2008 May 8], Available from http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/SciRC?ste=1docnum=cv2644301082. Health Hotline:   HIV and Genital Herpes [cited 2008 May8]; Available from http://www.ebony.com. â€Å"HPLC Assay for Common Protease Inhibitors Developed.†Antiviral Weekly; [cited 2008 May 07; Available from http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/SciRC?ste=1docNum=A60069570. Aarnoutse, Rob E., Verweij-van Wissen, Corrien P.W.G.M., van Ewijk-Beneken Kolmer, Eleonora, W.J., Wuis, Eveline, W., Koopmans, Peter P., Hekster, Yechiel A., and Burger, David, M. 2001. International Interlaboratory Quality Control Program for Measurement of Antiretroviral Drugs in Plasma; Antimicrobial Agents and Chemo 46(3): 884-886. Dickinson, Laura, Robinson, Lesley, Tjia, John, Khoo, and Saye, Back, David. 2005. Simultaneous determination of HIV protease inhibitors amprenavir, atazanavir, indinavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir and saquinavir in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; J of Chrom. B 829:82-90. Colombo, S., Beguin, A., Marzolini, C., Telenti, A., Biollaz, J., and Decosterd, L.A. 2006.   Determination of the novel non-peptidic HIV-protease inhibitor tipranavir by HPLC-UV after solid-phase extraction; J of Chrom. B 832:138-143. Rezk, Naser L., Tidwell, Richard R., and Kashuba, Angela D.M. 2004.   High-performance liquid chromatography assay for the quantification of HIV protease inhibitors and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in human plasma; J of Chrom. B 805:241-247. Shelton, Mark J.,Hewitt, Ross G., Adams, John, Dela-Coletta, Andrew, Cox, Steven, and Morse, Gene D. 2003. Pharmacokinetics of Ritonavir and Delavirdine in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients; Antimicrobial Agents and Chemo 47(5): 1694-1699. Zhang, Kanyin E., Wu, Ellen, Patick, Amy K., Kerr, Bradley, Zorbas, Mark, Lankford, Angela, Kobayashi, Takuo, Maeda, Yuki, Shetty, Bhasker, and Webber, Stephanie. 2001.Circulating Metabolites of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus protease Inhibitor Nelfinavir in Humans:   Structural Identification, Levels in Plasma, and Antiviral Activities; Antimicrobial Agents and Chemo 45(4): 1086-1093. Carey, Vincent J., Pahwa, Savita, and Weinberg, Adriana. 2005.   Reliability of CD4 Quantitation in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Children:   Implications for Definition of Immunologic Response to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy; Clinical and Diagnostic Lab Immunology 12(5): 640-643. Chi, Jingduan, Jayewardene, Anura L., Stone, Judith A., Motoya, Toshiro, and Aweeka, Francesca. 2002.   Simultaneous determination of five HIV protease inhibitors nelfinavir, indinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir and amprenavir in human plasma by LC/MS/MS; J of Pharm and Biomedical Analysis 30:675-684. Verbesselt, R., Van Wijngaerden, E., and de Hoon, J. 2007. Simultaneous determination of 8 HIV protease inhibitors in human plasma by isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography with combined use of UV and fluorescence detection: Amprenavir, indinavir, atazanavir, ritonavir, lopinavir, saquinavir, nelfinavir and M8-nelfinavir metabolite; J of Chrom. B 845:51-60. Frerichs, Valerie A., DiFrancesco, Robin, and Morse, Gene D. 2003. Determination of protease inhibitors using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; J of Chrom, B 787:393-403. Gangl, Eric, Utkin, Ilya, Gerber, Nicholas, and Vouros, Paul. 2002. Structural elucidation of metabolites of ritonavir and indinavir by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; J. of Chrom. A 974:91-101. Turner, Michele L., Reed-Walker, Kedria, King, Jennifer R., and Acosta, Edward P. 2003. Simultaneous determination of nine antiretroviral compounds in human plasma using liquid chromatography; J. of Chrom. B 784:331-341. 2008. Kaletra. [Cited 2008 May 16], Available from http://www.heartandsoul.com. D’Avolio, Antonio, Siccardi, Marco, Sciandra, Mauro, Lorena, Baietto, Bonora, Stefano, Trentini, Laura, and Di Perri, Giovanni.2007. HPLC-MS method for the simultaneous quantification of the new HIV protease inhibitor darunavir, and 11 other antiretroviral agents in plasma of HIV-infected patients; J. of Chrom. B 859:234-240. Colombo, S., Guignard, N., Marzolini, C., Telenti, A., Biollaz, J., and Decosterd, L.A. 2004. Determination of the new HIV-protease inhibitor atazanavir by liquid chromatography after solid-phase extraction; J. of Chrom. B 810:25-34. Weller, Dennis R., Brundage, Richard C., Balfour, Jr., Henry H., and Vezina, Heather E. An isocratic liquid chromatography method for determining HIV non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and protease inhibitor concentrations in human plasma; J. of Chrom. B 848:369-373. Sarasa-Nacenta, Maria, Lopez-Pua, Yolanda, Mallolas, Josep, Blanco, Jose’ Luis, Gatell, Jose’ M., and Carne’, Xavier. Simultaneous determination of the HIV-protease inhibitors indinavir, amprenavir, ritonavir, saquinavir and nelfinavir in human plasma by reversed-phase high- performance liquid chromatography; J, of Chrom. B 757:325-332.

Sustainable Technologies For A Green World Environmental Sciences Essay

Sustainable Technologies For A Green World Environmental Sciences Essay The word green designates more than a color. It is a way of life, one that is becoming more and more common throughout the world. The reason for this is green technology helps to sustain life on earth. This not only applies to humans but to plants, animals, and the rest of the ecosystem. This is why throughout the world it is typical to see windmills for air quality or solar panel rooftops for heat control/energy solution. While these are the most typical green technologies available, there are still others that help to protect life on this planet. This article focuses on particular green technologies that are in the works. The technologies are determined to find more innovative methods for keeping the ecosystem alive and active. To make these goals clear, this article tells what each technology is and how it achieves green goals. For now, the technologies are works-in-progress, but it is still important to know what benefits the planet will reap from these in the future. The first of these green technologies is plastic. Decomposable and inexpensive plastic is made into goods such as toys, farming supplies, and construction supplies. After usage, these are often sent to a landfill/digester, and the subsequent methane will be returned to the microbial course. These biodegradable and bio-based plastics will be in high demand due to growing government rules on plastics, a desire to reduce dependence on oil, and consumer preferences for green products. The process starts with methane, a potent global warming gas that is frequently considered waste, which is amply accessible and normally manufactured as a byproduct at waste treatment and agricultural facilities. A second technology involves showering, which represents a huge portion of water and energy use in many houses, so users are happy to access water at a low cost. Fortunately, the innovative shower system can reduce water, energy use, and cost by 70 percent without reducing flow at the showerhead or time spent in the shower. A portable and affordable solar and wind device can be made available to cook, heat, and generate power. It is suitable for city housing and environmentally sensitive for national parks and other natural areas. Buildings are also depending on green technology, especially because of shortcomings with more traditional technology. Expanded polystyrene is one of these traditional types, an insulation material used in buildings. Because this is not sustainable, more companies are applying green insulation as a healthy, affordable, and effective replacement. One of the reasons why green insulation is effective is because of the technology and raw material it requires. It often involves a revolutionary new manufacturing process that uses a growing organism algae or mushroom root fibers to turn waste cellulose into a rigid biological resin. It can also be allowed by flexible platform used to make sustainable materials for different products. Of particular importance to buildings is that green insulations have a significantly better CO2 balance than its competitors, with a low energy footprint and the capacity to bind significantly more CO2 than other fibers. The insulation stores CO2 long-term while cutting buildings energy use. Of particular note is its use for the farming of cattails (a global resource nobody is using up to now). In the biomass, CO2 is stored in large quantities, so even cattail cultivation saves CO2 as degraded wetlands. Additionally, it saves costs, oil, and the health of individuals living in insulated houses. Another frontier technology is computer technology. A small black box can be designed for enhancing and monitoring energy use. It can serve as a router for a Local Energy Network in the neighborhood. A particle board can be made from natural wood which will not contain any formaldehyde. The product has several notable incentives in green technology. It eliminates CO2 emissions by offering farmers an alternative to the customary burning while growing their revenue. The boards do not add to deforestation/water pollution, take little energy to create. They can be recycled in floors, ceilings, and walls. Manufactured from renewable plants and algae (and later, up-cycled into biodiesel), they are sequesters of greenhouse gases. The lubricants non-toxicity aids community welfare and decreases businesses liability. They can be used in most industries that use heavy industrial equipment to meet sustainability goals, reduce liabilities, decrease petroleum use, or support domestic products. The used hydraulic fluids will be up-cycled into bio-diesel with the assistance of bio-refining business associates so that they, too, can displace petroleum and increase the use of renewable products. The influence of non-toxic and recyclable lubricant would mean that personnel in industry who have direct contact with industrial lubricants without being exposed to the cancer-causing toxins found in conventional lubricants. Finally, the low-cost, carbon-neutral technologies comprise green coke, activated carbon, bio-char, and graphite. Its customizable process could slash emissions by replacing fossil carbon in industry, decreasing emissions from organic waste decomposition, and offering companies products made from local materials. These carbon-neutral technologies substitute fossil carbon in current value chains. By using clean energy and bio-fuels, the emissions can be abridged by enabling businesses and publics to create low-carbon cradle-to-cradle resource cycles anywhere in the world. This would enable individuals and industries to considerably decrease carbon emissions and other environmental pollutants, regardless of their opinions about climate change and worldwide reserve exhaustion. Conclusion Motivated by environmental missions, the additional worth to agricultural residues is vital. The aim for these residues is to reduce CO2 emissions, save trees, cultivate forests for the next generation, and alleviate poverty in rural farm communities. Measures are being taken to ensure the technologies are up to standards and are benign for the wellness of its end users, workers, and communities that use them. The solar devices, green insulation, and other items discussed in this article all point to hopeful road for the future of earth. Without their developments, the planet risks intense pollution and overuse of toxic wastes that could kill human and natural life on the planet. It must be noted, however, that these technologies are still in the development stage, which makes it necessary for the planets green goals to be achieved because those who take care of the planet are, in return, taking care of themselves. This respect for nature will encourage users to protect their environ ment and themselves at the same time.

Argument for and against government financial support for special events

Argument for and against government financial support for special events Introduction Special events cover well-planned cultural, entertainment, sports, political and business events such as Olympic Games, World Cup, the World Expo, Art and Culture Festivals, performances, and charity fundraising. Australia has thousands of festivals every year (Gibson, 2009). Economically speaking, these events may create economic value for the local. Of course, the successful holding of these events are also in need of financial sources. Shortage of funds often leads to failure of the events. Social capital is often limited. From a financial point of view, the Governments financial support will be an important help to raise funds to successfully host these events. Olympics are the event various countries compete for. The Successful holding the Olympic Games requires huge financial resources. 2008 Beijing Olympics is the most expensive Olympic Games in the history. This paper will first discuss the argument for and against governments financial support for special events such as 2008 Beijing Olympics. Following that, the paper will make overall evaluation on governments financial support for special events. Arguments Economically speaking, some events such as Olympic Games, World Cup and World Expo, may create economic benefits which is also the purposes of the events, while some events such as Art and Culture Festivals, performances, and charity fundraising may not create economic benefits, but create other benefits such as cultural benefits and environmental benefits. However, the successful holding of these events also needs financial sources. Shortage of funds often leads to failure of the events. The lack of social capital results in turning to the government. Of course, Governments financial support will be an important help. However, there is a debate on the governments financial support for special events. Argument for governments financial support for special events Some people think the government should make financial support for special events. They insist that the Governments financial support can make the event more successful and attract more viewers, which can boost the regional economy. Supporters argue that the government is also beneficiaries of a successful event. Government can gain public praise and achievements from the successful holding of the events. Naturally, the government should pay a financial price for these gains. Moreover, they believe that special events should be treated as earnings tools by the government. Thus, government expenditure is reasonable and necessary (Allen et al, 2000). Supporters argue that the Beijing government should seize the opportunity to profit at the Beijing Olympics. Therefore, the Beijing government should do their best to put financial support to make this event more attractive, thus boosting a variety of industries such as real estate industry and tourism. To some extent, the host city of Bei jing Olympic Games also agreed financial support. Otherwise, the Beijing Olympic Games would not be the most expensive event in the history. In 2000, when Beijing submitted the bid documents for the Olympic Games to International Olympic Committee, the infrastructure project cost was estimated 14.3 billion U.S dollars. After a few years, due to soaring commodity prices, construction costs likely exceeded the original projections. Therefore, a total cost invested by China for the Olympic Games is more than 20 billion U.S. dollars (Owen, 2008). Evaluation on the view of supporters This view places too much emphasis on economic benefits brought special events. They even think the government should take these special events as a tool for profit. The advantage of this view is that it gives a reasonable economic reason the Governments financial support for special events. However, this view ignores the following considerations. First, many special events are not for profit. A survey on the Australian festival shows 74% of the festival is not for the sake of profit. Only 3.3% of the festivals were run seeking profit (Gibson, 2009). The original intention of the Olympic Games is not for financial gain, but is to a carry forward the sports culture (Burton, 2003). In addition, the charity events are not for economic interests, and they are unprofitable. Second, the expectations may differ materially from results and the government financial support may lead huge financial burden. Admittedly, a lot of special events can bring economic benefits. However, there are exceptions. 1976 Montreal Olympic Games cost 50 billion of which only 5% was from corporate and private investment while as high as 95% was from the investment of government. The Government did not expect the result is a loss of 15 billion U.S. dollars (Burton, 2003). According to Gibson (2009), if the cost is too large, this event would not be a good balance, because the monetary benefit will be not enough. The cost of inputs for the Olympic Games in Beijing is huge. Despite the prolonged economic growth, Chinas per capita income is still at a lower level, less than 3,000 U.S. dollars. In Beijings bid documents, the expected infrastructure cost was close to the expenditure of Beijing municipal government for the whole year of 2006 (Owen, 2008). As1976 Montreal Olympics and 2004 Athens Olympic Games, the same risk of large losses for the Beijing Olympic Games will undoubtedly increase with the increase of financial investment. Argument against governments financial support for special events Some people do not support the Governments financial support for special events. They think that means of business operations should be more widely used to host these special events including the Olympic Games. Commercial tools can reduce the impact caused by siphon effect and the valley effect (King, 2003). In addition, they argue that the Governments financial support for the special event is bound to increase the financial burden. A total cost invested by China for the infrastructures and sports facilities of 2008 Olympic Games is more than 14 billion U.S. dollars. Public money was invested in such a large scale to sports facilities, which will not help to improve peoples livelihood. Evaluation on the view of objectors This view palaces too much emphasis on the financial burden of the government, while ignoring the potential economic benefits. A successful special event can bring economic benefits, even if the event is not for profit. First, the success of the event can bring direct economic benefits. According to Gibson (2009), it is difficult to accurately calculate the economic impact caused by an event. However, in fact, an event will bring economic impact, even if the event is non-profit. The Olympics can promote tourism, construction industry, and lead-related industries (Gibson, 2009). It is an indisputable fact that Olympic Games can promote economic development for the host cities. However, it should be said that the most direct impact is on tourism, construction and service industries. According to Gibson (2009), audience development is worthy of concern. During the Olympics, host city to host athletes, journalists, spectators and tourists from other countries in the world. This is a tremendous demand for the construction industry. At the same time, the Olympic Games will also bring strong tourism needs, because Sporting events like the Olympics attracts attention of people around the world. A large numb er of spectators, athletes and staff came here to participate in, watch the Olympic Games and the visit the host city not only during but also after the event. Beijing is a historical and cultural city, its connotation is sufficient to attract tourists to visit. Coupled with its experience of hosting the Olympic Games, it will be more attractive. Second, the event will bring more job opportunities. According to Gibson (2009), it is no doubt that an event can increase employment opportunities, including full-time and part-time jobs. 1988 Seoul Olympics provided 16 million jobs for the services sector, 50,000 jobs for manufacturing industry, and 90,000 jobs for the construction industry (Burton, 2003). According to experts statistics and computing base on the investment, Beijing Olympic Games would Generate 745000 job opportunities. This will undoubtedly help solve the unemployment problem to some extent (Owen, 2008). For Beijing in which the employment pressure was still relatively large in, this would undoubtedly help to alleviate some of the employment pressure, to increase peoples income and to stimulate economic growth. If the lack of adequate funding, these events may fail or can not drive more industries. In other words, only private capital may not be enough to make a successful specially a grand international event like the Olympics, World Expo. Of course, the Government can play its public function to help solve financial problems rather than having to invest. Overall Evaluation Both sides have advantages and disadvantages. They analyzed the problems and state reasons from two different emphases. In fact, the government should not put too much financial support for special events. However, the Government can not give up support for special events. First, the Government should pay attention to every special event. Government should mobilize all participants through its public functions. Government should seek private resources, especially non-governmental personnel and private funds from the design, planning, organization, operation, to the human, material and financial resources. Second, Government should strengthen the information services and the use of certain means of appropriate macro-policy adjustment. First, the Government should try to reduce the blindness of the organizers, participants and investors. For example, the government can guide the coordinated development of t consumer he from the hot consumption, guide rational consumption from herd beha vior consumption. In short, the Government should play the public management functions such as service functions and regulation functions to service and regulate specific events rather than simply providing financial support. Conclusion Special events cover well-planned cultural, entertainment, sports, political and business events such as Olympic Games, World Cup, the World Expo, Art and Culture Festivals, performances, and charity fundraising. Shortage of funds often leads to failure of the events. There is a debate on the governments financial support for special events. Supporters think that the government should make financial support for special events and argue that Governments financial support can make the event more successful and attract more viewers, which can boost the regional economy and that the government is also beneficiaries of a successful event. Objectors think that means of business operations should be more widely used to host these special events and argue that the Governments financial support for the special event is bound to increase the financial burden. Both sides have advantages and disadvantages. They analyzed the problems and state reasons from two different emphases. In fact, the gov ernment should not put too much financial support for special events. However, the Government can not give up support for special events.

Thomas P. Oneill :: essays research papers fc

Thomas P. O'Neill Tip was a man who was not bashful to call himself "a man of the house." Thomas P. O'Neill was a person whose greatest charm was that he seemed "completely out-of-date as a politician." (Clift) He was a gruff, drinking, card playing, backroom kind of guy. He had an image that political candidates pay consultants to make over. He knew these qualities gave him his power because they "made him real." (Sennot 17) His gigantic figure and weather beaten face symbolizes a political force of five decades, from Roosevelt's new deal to the Reagan retrenchment. He was the last democratic leader of the old school and "the longest-serving speaker of the house (1977-1986) and easily the most loved." (Clift) Thomas P. O'Neill (1912-1994) always knew why he was in Washington, and what he stood for. He was a native of Boston and always prided himself on his theory that "all politics is local." (O'Neill 1) Tip was a friend of everyone. When ordinary people wanted something of O'Neill he gave it to them. When anyone asked him a favor, he would do it. O'Neill served fifty years in public life and retired with only fifteen thousand dollars to his name. He devoted his life and his money to the people of Boston. Tip came of age in the Great Depression, arrived in congress from Massachusetts in 1952 and "came to power amid the plenty of the '60s and '70s." (Woodlief 4) He was a rampant liberal who "would usually vote yes on any bill that helped people (he once voted to put money into an appropriations bill to study knock knees)." (Gelzinas 6) When Reagan came into office in 1980 big government began to feel the pinch and O'Neill's big hearted liberalism was on the way out. In 1980, O'Neill was a target of a clever Republican ad campaign that pictured him in a limo as a symbol of a bloated out of control congress. The advertisement backfired and it sent O'Neill into folk hero status. Tip even "made an appearance on "Cheers" as an effect of the advertisement." (Time 18) Tip said that he "only made one vote that he regretted." (O'Neill 218) It was a yes vote on the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution that gave Lyndon Johnson full control over all military intervention in Vietnam. He did this because it was a time when Congress did what leadership asked, in fact there was not one descending vote in the house on this issue (414-0). Right away he had speculation that the White House might use this as a device to open up full

Hypnosis :: essays papers

Hypnosis Over the years, hypnosis has overcome a lot of skepticism. This research paper will explore the art, use, and questions about hypnosis both in recreation and in therapy. In this paper, you will learn what hypnosis is, different types of it, and different techniques for using it. Hypnosis, as defined by Roy Hunter, is "a natural state of mind, induced in everyday living much more than it is induced artificially". Another definition by Hunter is "guided meditation". Many people do not realize this, but you can be hypnotized by many things. Anytime you become engrossed in a book or a movie, you may enter a sort of meditative trance. There are different techniques for induction into a hypnotic trance. One is eye fixation. This simply uses a fixed gaze, and was very popular in the 1800's and is most commonly used by Hollywood. Another is progressive relaxation or imagery. You have someone imagine being in a safe or peaceful place, and then awaken to full consciousness. Another induction method is the mental confusion method which confuse the conscious mind to the point where it just lets go and becomes relaxed. Another one is shock to nervous system. This technique is commonly used by stage hypnotists and it is employing a sudden exited command in a surprising way. The participant will experience a "moment of passivity"(Hunter)where they'll either resist the trance or "let go" into hypnosis. Hypnosis also has some useful situations. One would be in the area of memory. When you are entranced in the hypnotic state, your sense of memory is enhanced. Although this is true, the things which are remembered can not be regarded a truth. Sometimes when a person is entranced, they will 'remember' things that never actually happened, but have great personal significance. One area that has caused tremendous controversy is in the area of hypnotizability. The question has been raised many times if there are certain people who can be hypnotized and certain people who cannot be hypnotized. There are indeed people who can and cannot. The only thing it depends on is how well you can focus. People who have better focus generally have better results with hypnotizability, and people who have a harder time focusing generally tend to be less susceptible, as a general rule. Although hypnosis is totally safe as long as your hypnotist is competent and trustworthy, some skeptical people still have fears and

Meaning to Human Life Essay

Is there any meaning to human life? After listening to the first two lectures I gathered what I felt to be Professor Amrbosio’s definitions of the hero and the saint. I took notes and after going back through and reading them it helped me to put a few things together. He asks the question about whether or not human existence is meaningful or absurd. We live in a hostile and deadly environment so we try to find our purpose and meaning so we have some sense of security. It is a defense mechanism. Why is there so much evil in this world? We have the good and the bad. The good being our loving parents and the soldiers who put their lives at risk to defend our freedom and our lives. But then you have the bad and the evil such as the homeless people and the terrorist attacks and the holocaust. It is unfair how there are so many people with nothing and living on the streets when there are just as many people who have much more then they need to survive. The hero and the saint represent traits that can and will be inherited and passed on across different cultures and over time. The hero and the saint are metaphors that humans have used to search for the meaning of life. With the hero, reality is formed and driven by the struggle of humans. They believe in honor and self-esteem along with self-fulfillment and admiration. They always run up against bad things and they believe the good guys will come in last. The Saint believes that reality is made up of our personal and loving relationships. These relationships are based around unconditional trust. They feel like humans really have no goal but they have a purpose. Love and gratitude define them. Some people say life is a wrong turn and it’s down a dead end street. Saints and heroes show us ways we can share and participate in living every day and still asking our questions about life. The best we can do is to live the most meaningful life. Make every day count and always tell the ones you love how much you love them because you never know when it could be the last time that you are able to tell them. Sometimes you just have to trust that our life has a purpose.

Mental Health Counseling: Integrating Consultation

Abstract With the meshing of consultation and advocacy, mental health counselors can both assist in dealing with the issues that their clients face personally, but also help to make better the world around them. In order to respond to the thesis questions presented in this paper, we must first define consultation and social justice advocacy within the counseling context. Typically, consultation means a general meeting or conference between parties.In the counseling context however, we can say that it â€Å"usually involves three parties: a consultant, a consultee, and a client system. The consultant delivers direct service to the consultee, who delivers direct service to a client system† (Doherty, 1990). Consultation for professional counselors typically involves acting on behalf of an identified client (or student) through interaction with another professional consultee or other stakeholder in the client’s welfare (Brown, Pryzwansky, & Schulte, 2010; Kampwirth, 2006; K urpius & Fuqua, 1993).The consultee may also be conceptualized as a system or organization that serves an identified client or student population (Brown et al. , 2010; Moe & Perera-Diltz, 2009). With these definitions, a counseling consultant relationship could be thought of as a chain of assistance in dealing with client issues. Advocacy, typically in regards to social justice, is a way in which a change is brought into society. In a historical context, the mental health reforms that Clifford Beers brought about in the late 1800s were an impactful form of social advocacy.Beers launched one of the earliest client-advocate health reform movements in the United States. A former patient who was institutionalized for three years, Beers led national and international efforts to improve institutional care, challenge the stigma of mental illness, and promote mental health. His efforts resulted in a major shift in attitudes toward mental illness, as well as the introduction of guidance coun selors in US schools and the inclusion of evidence of a defendant's psychological state in law courts (Parry, 2010).Consultation and social justice advocacy may not be exactly similar, but they can be used as cohesive tools that counselors use in order to help their clients. Though scholars continue to identify concerns regarding how the specific nature and scope of social justice advocacy for counselors will be defined (Nelson-Jones, 2002; Roysircar, 2009; Weinrach & Thomas, 2004), in 2003 the American Counseling Association (ACA) endorsed the creation and publication of the Advocacy Competencies (Lewis et al. , 2003) for professional counselors.Along with the publication of this special issue, scholarship has focused on making the case for social justice (Prilletensky & Prilletensky, 2003; Vera & Speight, 2003), and on synthesizing the social justice counseling paradigm with other key counseling perspectives such as multicultural theory (Constantine et al. , 2007; Crethar et al. , 2008) and school counseling (Bemak & Chung, 2008; Dahir & Stone, 2009). The idea of meshing consultation with social advocacy is prudent because we as counselors should work not only to better the lives of our clients but of the world around them.There seems to be an obvious association with mental health and the groups to which social justice advocacy is most needed. Negative experiences of historically marginalized groups can lead to psychological dysfunction and an overall decline in mental health (Chang, Hays, & Milliken, 2009). The American Counseling Association’s Code of Ethics states that counselors should â€Å"recognize historical and social prejudices in the misdiagnosis and pathologizing of certain individuals and groups and the role of mental health professionals in perpetuating these prejudices through diagnosis and treatment. The need for counselors to integrate social justice advocacy with consultation stems from the fact that much of the clientele that is s eeking out mental health services have suffered in some form or another from social injustice(s). It is imperative in cases like this that a balance is made between providing both consultation and advocacy to our clients. In working with populations that have experienced social injustices such as poverty, racial intimidations, abuse, etc. t is the responsibility of the counselor to be the voice for those who cannot speak up for themselves. Practices such as collaborating with multiple stakeholder groups and identifying institutional polices that may promote marginalization of vulnerable community members are used by both consultants (Brown, 1993; Kampwirth, 2006) and advocates (Vera & Speight, 2003). While it is important to understand the social injustices that many clients face, it is also critical to know exactly why these injustices occur.It is also important that counselors attempt to change the structures that are responsible for the oppression of mental health clients. This s ocial justice movement is sometimes referred to as professional counseling’s fifth force (Ratts, D’Andrea, & Arredondo, 2004)—in other words advocacy counseling. Counseling is indeed an effective and powerful tool in helping the less fortunate with their problems. However, counseling by itself is cannot be used to advance clients’ wellbeing. There must be an interlocking of counseling, consultation and social advocacy.That is, the oppressed clientele would greatly benefit from outside consultants that have the capability of promoting change within the corrosive environments in which they live. Authors Ratts and Hutchins (2009) have also highlighted how counselors-as advocates often adopt the role of consultant to promote empowerment of clients and students (Moe, Perera-Diltz, Sepulveda, 2010). Advocacy can play an important role in many aspects of alleviating the plight of the oppressed population of mental health clients.For example, advocacy can assist in supporting equitable access to needed medical services. It can also help to reduce the discrimination experienced by consumers within the health care system by facilitating communication with health care providers and by addressing any prejudicial beliefs health care providers may hold. Finally, advocates can assist consumers in addressing any discrimination that they may experience within the health care system (Stylianos & Kehyayan, 2012).If not for the advocacy of interest groups, doctors, nurses, patients, politicians, etc. the recent healthcare system changes may never have been signed into law which would have left millions still without access to affordable healthcare coverage or being denied access for discriminatory reasons. If a client does not have health insurance or the means to pay for services, a consultant could be utilized as a third party source in order to help the client have access to mental health services.Consultants in this situation could range from a soc ial worker, a career counselor or welfare office. The importance of children’s mental health in early development has long been documented, and many advocates have made impassioned pleas for additional resources for both children and their parents during the early years. A hypothetical program in which a mental health counselor could serve both as a consultant and an advocate would be to have counselors readily available to under privileged pre-school children in an outside child-care setting.The counselors could serve as a means of providing intervention of serious future problems that these children may have as they mature. These counselors can also help teachers and parents deal with issues of challenging behavior or even learning disabilities. The function of a mental health counselor that is serving as a consultant in this type of surrounding would be very different than they typical one-to-one therapy that usually occurs between counselor and client.The role of a consul tant in this sort of program would be to work as a team with a child-care center staff to recognize and deal with difficult behaviors and/or learning behaviors successfully. They would also serve as coach or mentor to families dealing with challenging issues at home and could help them access quality behavioral health services outside of the pre-school setting. In regards to social advocacy in this hypothetical program, emphasis can be made on the lack of healthcare afforded to children. According to a report from the U.S. Surgeon General, current estimates of children that are not being provided health care services are vast: â€Å"one in five children is estimated to have a mental health problem that impairs functioning, while less than half of all children and one third of adults with a diagnosable mental disorder receive any kind of services†. Inadequate finances from families of mentally ill children can be a main reason that children go without quality mental health ser vices. Another cause can be attributed to the stigma surrounding mental illness.This can ring exceptionally true among low-income families and minorities. To erase this type of stigma, it may be helpful for a mental health consultant in this type of program to ease into the role of therapist as one-to-one counseling may be too overwhelming for those who come into the process with a set of preconceived beliefs. They could offer classes on how to deal with a child’s difficult behavior or problem specific support groups such as a group for single parents learning to deal with their child’s emotions.The job of a mental health counselor is rewarding in that it offers scores of opportunities to impact the lives of others, not just through one-to-one counseling but also through being the voice of the less fortunate through consultation and advocacy. A dedicated counselor should not only provide a sympathetic ear for a client to speak to, but should also take advantage of thei r power to promote real change for those who really need it.By incorporating both consultation and advocacy into a counselor’s course of action into the treatment plans of their clients, both counselor and client will build an even stronger rapport than thought possible. References Bemak, F. , & Chi-Yi Chung, R. (2008). New professional roles and advocacy strategies for school counselors: A multicultural/social justice perspective to move beyond the nice counselor syndrome. Journal of Counseling & Development, 86, 372-381. Brown, D. , Pryzwansky, W. , & Schulte, A. (2010).Psychological consultation and collaboration: Introduction to theory and practice (7th ed. ). Boston, MA: Pearson. Chang, C. Y. , Hays, D. G. , & Milliken, T. F. (2009). Addressing social justice issues in supervision: A call for client and professional advocacy. The Clinical Supervisor, 28, 20-35. doi: 10. 1080/07325220902855144 Constantine, M. , Hage, S. , Kindaichi, M. , & Bryant, R. (2007). Social justic e and multicultural issues: Implications for the practice and training of counselors and counseling psychologists.Journal of Counseling & Development, 85, 24-29. Crethar, H. , Torres Rivera, E. , & Nash, S. (2008). In search of common threads: Linking multicultural, feminist, and social justice counseling paradigms. Journal of Counseling & Development, 86, 269-278. Dahir, C. , & Stone, C. (2009). School counselor accountability: The path to social justice and systemic change. Journal of Counseling & Development, 87, 12-20. Dougherty, A. M. (1990). Consultation: Practice and perspectives. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Kampwirth, T. J. (2006).Collaborative consultation in the schools. (3rd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill. Kurpius, D. , & Fuqua, D. (1993). Fundamental issues in defining consultation. Journal of Counseling & Development, 71, 598-600. Lewis, J. , Arnold, M. , House, R. , & Toporek R. (2003). Advocacy Competencies. Retrieved from www. counseling. org/Counselors. Mental H ealth: A Report of the Surgeon General, U. S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, pgs. 76–77. Moe, J. , & Perera-Diltz, D. (2009). An overview of systemic-organizational consultation for professional counselors.Journal of Professional Counseling: Practice, Theory, , 27, 27-37. Nelson-Jones, R. (2002). Diverse goals for multicultural counselling and therapy. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 15, 133-144. Parry, Manon. (2010) From a Patient's Perspective: Clifford Whittingham Beers' Work to Reform Mental Health Services. American Journal of Public Health, 100(12). 2356-7. Prilleltensky, I. , & Prilleltensky, O. (2003). Synergies for wellness and liberation in counseling psychology. The Counseling Psychologist, 31, 273-281. Ratts, M. J. , D’Andrea, M. & Arredondo, P. (2004, July). Social justice counseling: Fifth force in counseling. Counseling Today, 28-30. Roysircar, G. (2009). The big picture of advocacy: Counselor, heal society and thyself. Journal of Counseling & Dev elopment, 87, 288-294. Stylianos, S. & Kehyayan, V. (2012) Advocacy: Critical Component in a Comprehensive Mental Health System. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 82(1). Vera, E. , & Speight, S. (2003). Multicultural competence, social justice, and counseling psychology: Expanding our roles. The Counseling Psychologist, 31, 253-272.

Chemistry Notes

Everything is made of particles. Particles in solid are not free to move around. Liquids and gases can. As particles move they collide with each other and bounce off in all directions. This is called random motion. In 2 substances, when mixed, particles bounce off in all directions when they collide. This mixing process is called diffusion. It's also the movement of particles without a force. The smallest particle that cannot be broken down by chemical means is called an atom. ;In some substances, particles are Just single atoms.For example the gas argon, mound in air, is made up of single argon atoms. ;In many substances, particles consist of 2 atoms Joined together. These are called molecules. ;In other substances, particles consist of atoms or groups of atoms that carry a charge. These particles are called ions. Solids liquids and gases Solid Properties: Definite shape and volume ; Normally hard and rigid Large force required to change shape High Density ; Incompressible Model: ; Closely packed ; Occupy minimum space Regular pattern ; Vibrate in fixed position Not free to move Liquid Properties: ; Definite volume but no shape.Not compressible Occur in clusters with molecules slightly fury Free to move about within a confined vessel WPAD W. Transmigrate crossover Demand: Pu. Researcher's www. PDFWatermarkRemover. Com to remove the watermark Gas Properties: No Fixed volume and no fixed shape ; Low density ; Compressible Very far apart ; Travel at high speed ; Independent and random motions Negligible forces of attraction between them Diffusion in Gases Gases diffuse in different rates. Those rates depend on their factors: 1. Mass of the particles The lower the mass of its particles the faster a gas will diffuse. Why?Because the lighter the molecules†¦ He faster it will travel (obviously†¦ ) 2. The temperature The higher the temperature, the faster a gas will diffuse. Why? Because particles gain energy as they are heated Mixtures, Solutions, and Solve nts Mixture: Contains more the one substance. They are Just mixed together and not chemically combined. Example: Sand and water. Solution: It is when a solute and a solvent mix. The solute dissolves in the solvent making a solution. Example: sugar (solute) dissolves in water (solvent) making a solution of sugar and water. The solubility of every substance is different.To help a solute dissolve you could: ; Stir it Rise the temperature If you add excess amount of sugar in a small amount of water†¦ It won't dissolve as there is no space for it. The solution becomes saturated. Solvent: A substance that allows solutes to dissolve in Example: Water, Ethanol Pure substances and impurities A pure substance is a substance that has no particles of any other substance mixed with it. An unwanted substance, mixed with a wanted substance, is called an impurity. To check if a substance is pure, you have to check its melting and boiling points.A pure substance has a definite, sharp, melting p oint. When a substance is impure, the letting point falls and its boiling point rises. So the more impurity present, the wider and bigger the change in melting and boiling point. Separation methods: Filter – -? Solid from liquid Centrifuge -? Solid from liquid Evaporation -? Solid from its solution Crystallization Solid from its solution Distillation -? Solvent from a solution Fractional distillation Liquid from each other Chromatography solution Separation methods – Different substances from a 1.Filtering Example: A mixture of chalk and water†¦ 1. A filter paper is placed in a funnel, the funnel placed on a flask. 2. The mixture is poured on the filter paper. The chalk (the residue) will remain in the filter paper and the water (the filtrate) will fall down in the flask. 2. Centrifuging This method is used to separate small amounts of solid and liquid. Inside a centrifuge (it's a machine), test tubes are spun very fast so the solid gets flung to the bottom. 3. Ev aporation This method is used to separate a solution in which the solid is dissolved in the liquid. . The solution is heated so that the liquid evaporates and the solid remains in the bottom of the evaporating dish. 4. Crystallization This method is similar to evaporation but here the solid forms crystals then the rascals are left to dry. Separating a mixture of two solids 1. This can be done by dissolving one in an appropriate solvent. 2. Then filtering one and extracting the other from the solution by evaporation. 5. Simple distillation 1. The impure liquid is heated. 2. It boils, and steam rises into the condenser. 3. The impurities are left behind. . The condenser is cold so the steam condenses to the pure liquid and it drops out on the beaker. 6. Fractional distillation . The mixture is heated. The wanted substance boils and evaporates 2. (some of the unwanted liquid will evaporate too) and rises up the column. 3. The substance will condense on the beads in the column causing t hem to heat. 4. When the beads reach a certain temperature when the wanted liquid wont condense anymore (That's the boiling point) it will rise while the unwanted liquid will condense and drop.The wanted liquid will make its way through the condenser where it will condense and drop down in the beaker. 7. Chromatography This method is used to separate a mixture of substances. For example you can use it to find how many colored substances there are in black ink. Steps: 1. Drop the black ink on to the center off filter paper and allow it to dry. 2. Drop water on to the ink spot, one drop at a time. 3. Suppose there are three rings: yellow, red and blue. This shows the ink contains 3 colored substances. The substances travel across the paper at different rates.That's why they separate into rings. The filter paper showing the separate substances is called a chromatogram. This method works because different substances travel at different speeds because they have different levels of attrac tion to it. Uses of chromatography: Separate mixtures of substances ; Purify a substance by separating the impurities from it ; Unit 2: The Atom Identify a substance Atoms are the smallest particles. Each atom consists of a nucleus and a cloud of particles called electrons that whiz around the nucleus. An element is a substance that contains only one kind of atom.The periodic table is the â€Å"map/address book† for elements where each element is given a symbol (E. G. K for potassium). The group of elements that have similar properties are put in a numbered column. For example, if you know how one element in group 1 behaves, you can easily guess how the others in the same group will behave. The rows are called periods. The gig-gag line separates metals from non-metals, with the non-metals on the right. So most elements are metals. A compound contains atoms of different elements Joined together where the atoms are chemically combined.For example carbon dioxide is a compound of carbon and oxygen (1 carbon and 2 oxygen molecules). The symbol for compound is made from the symbols of the elements in it. So the formula for carbon dioxide is CO. Isotopes and Radioactivity You can identify an atom by the number of protons in it. For example, only sodium atoms have 11 protons. Isotopes are atoms of the same element, with different numbers of neutrons. Some isotopes are radioactive. That means its nucleus is unstable, sooner or later the toms breaks down or decays, giving out radiation in the form of rays and tiny particles, as well as large amount of energy.Like carbon-14, a number of other elements have radioisotopes that occur naturally and eventually decays. But the other two isotopes of carbon (like most natural isotopes) are non-radioactive. You can know when radioisotopes decay by looking at there half life. Radiation affects humans as it may causes them radiation sickness but radiation also has some uses. Uses of radiation: 1. Check for leaks in pipes (in dustry) This is done by adding a radioisotope to the oil or gas. At a leak, the radiation is detected using an instrument. Radioisotopes used in this way are called tracers. 2. N cancer treatment (Medical) Radioisotopes can cause cancer but yet also can cure it. Using radiotherapy the radioisotope will decay and give out rays that can kill cancer cells. These rays will be aimed exactly at the cancer cells. 3. To find the age of old remains A tiny percentage of a living thing contains carbon-14 atoms. When living thing dies it no longer takes in new carbon atoms. But existing carbon-14 atom decay over time – we can measure the faint radiation from them. How electrons are arranged The electrons in an atom circle fast around the nucleus, at different levels from it.These energy levels are caller electron shells. The further the shell is from the nucleus, the higher the energy level. Each shell can hold a limited number of electrons. First shell can hold up to 2 electrons Second shell can hold up to 8 electrons The third shell can also hold up to 8 electrons Electronic configuration means the arrangement of electrons in an atom. Argon has the electronic configuration : 2,8,8 Magnesium has the electronic configuration : 2,8,2 Important points: ; The shells fill in order, from lowest energy level to highest energy levelAll the elements in a group have the same number of electrons in their outer shells. These are called Valence electrons. ; The group number is the same number of outer shell electrons ; The period number shows how many shells there are. ; If an element posses a full outer shell, the element become enervative Unit 3: Atoms combining Most elements form compounds because they want a full outer shell and to achieve that they must react with other atoms. For example, sodium has Just one electron in its outer shell.It can obtain a full outer shell by losing this electron to anther atoms and by that it becomes a sodium ion. Now because sodium lost a e lectron†¦ It now has 10 electrons but 11 protons†¦ So it has a 1 positive charge. An ion is a charged particle. It is charged because it has an unequal number of protons and electrons. The ionic bond Sodium and chlorine react together; sodium gives its electron to chlorine. Now both elements have a full outer shell, but with a charge. Now they are ions. Sodium now has 10 electrons but 11 protons so it has a positive charge.Chlorine now has 18 electrons but 17 protons so it has a negative charge. The two ions have opposite charges, so they attract each other. The force of attraction between them is strong. It is called an ionic bond. When sodium reacts with chlorine, billions and billions of sodium and chlorine ions form and they attract each other. But the ions don't stay in pairs. They cluster together so that each ion is surrounded by 6 ions of opposite charges. The pattern grows until a giant structure of ions is formed. The overall charge of the structure is O since 1 positive charge and 1 negative charge neutralize each other.The ionic bonding is only between metals and non-metals. Important notes: Hydrogen and the metals form positive ions Non-metals form negative ions, and their names end in -did ; Group 4 and 5 do to usually form ions because they would have to lose or gain several electrons and that takes too much energy ; Group O elements do not form ions; they already have full outer shells ; Some of the transition metals form more than one ion. Some ions can be formed from groups of Joined atoms. These are called compound ions. Properties of ionic compound 1.Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points. This is because ionic bonds are very strong, so it takes a lot of heat energy to break up the lattice. 2. Ionic compounds are usually soluble in water. The water molecules can attract the ions away from the lattice. The ions can then move freely, surrounded by water molecules. 3. Ionic compounds can conduct electricity when they ar e melted or dissolved. When melted the lattice breaks up and the ions are free to move. Since they are charged, this means they can conduct electricity.The solutions of ionic compounds conduct electricity too because they are also free to move. The covalent bond Giving and losing an electron is not the only way to gain full outer shells since atoms can also share electrons. Covalent bonding is for non-metals only since only non-metals need to gain electrons. A molecule is a group of atoms held together by covalent bonds. When a pair of electrons is shared, it is called a single covalent bond, or Just single bond. When 2 pairs of electrons are shared, it is called a double covalent bond, or Just double bond.When 3 pairs of electrons are shared, it is called a triple covalent bond, or Just triple Covalent compounds A covalent compound is when atoms of different elements share electrons with each other. The molecules in a covalent compound isn't flat because each electron repel each ot her and try to get as far apart from each other. Molecular substances Most molecular substances are gases or liquids at room temperature. Molecular lids are held in a lattice but the forces between the molecules are weak. All molecular solids have similar structure.The molecules are held in regular pattern in a lattice. So the solids are crystalline. When you cool down a molecular liquid or gas the molecules lose energy so they start moving slowly and at the freezing point, they form a lattice (a good example would be ice) Properties of covalent bonding 1. Covalent compounds have low melting and boiling point This is because the forces between the molecules are weak. 2. They do not conduct electricity This is because molecules are not charged, so they cannot conduct, even when melted

LOM Assignment

â€Å"Lung conditions caused by 9/11† Write about the different types of lung conditions being found as a result of 9/11. We all remember the effects of this horrible day on September 11, 2001; but what we don’t know is the effects it still had on so many after the tragedy ended. When the towers of the World Trade Center collapsed it produced a dense could of smoke and vaporized concrete and drywall. New York City Fire Department rescue workers were exposed to polluted air- as well as dust and diesel exhaust that accompanied the rescues effort, this had reduced there lung function in weeks and months following the attack.Now a new study in the â€Å"New England Journal of Medicine† report that the lung impairment they observed in the rescue workers appears to be lasting. Firefighters, Emergency Medical personnel continued to have decreased lung function up to seven years after 9/11. They found most of this group suffered from â€Å"Chronic Bronchitis, Asthma, Lu ng Cancer, Mesothelioma, Tuberculosis, and Sarcoidosis† (especially prevalent among recovery and clean-up workers); 9/11 also exposed some people to having GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disorder) they addressed these declines with regular monitoring and aggressive treatment.In 2001 and 2002 the lung function of more than 12,000 fire fighters, rescue workers who were at Ground Zero had there lung functions measured, comparing the results to lung function tests given to the same group before 9/11 as a part as their department physicals. On average the lung function of the workers declined by an amount equivalent to twelve years of natural aging. In new studies, researchers continued to follow these fire fighters and medical personnel for an average of six years measuring there lung function every twelve to eighteen months to see if the initial decline persisted.They were surprised to find â€Å"little or no† improvement in average lung function, according to the study. Th e persistent decline in lung function has potential short-term consequences, it places them at higher risk for shortness of breath, cough, wheeze and impairments in their ability to exercise and perform physically demanding jobs. A lot of these heroes are now unable to work because of these long term conditions of this horrible tragedy.